Business Skills in travel and tourism Essay Example

Business Skills in travel and tourism Essay Example Business Skills in travel and tourism Essay Business Skills in travel and tourism Essay Scenario: you have just finished school and are now working as a travel agency. The agencies manager has decided to create a handbook on financial and administrative procedures. As you have just received training and have the skills to design the booklet. Task 1 Produce a word processed booklet which describes the administrative and finical procedures. Set out your booklet in 3 sections The administrative procedures used to process sales Enquire forms It is important that for the organisation to record every enquiry so that it can be followed up, to try to convert the enquiry into a sale. The organisation needs to record some customer details. This can be done either on a standardised form or on a computer. Booking Form Booking forms is when a customer books a product or service, this information also needs to be recorded. You would have to record the customers details and the details of the product that the customers booked. A copy of this information needs to be given to the customer so that he or she knows what has been paid for and to give the customer peace of mind Invoices Invoices must be sent out with every item that has been bought on credit. This is done because the customer has to nave a statement of how much he/she has paid for the product and the balance which is owed to be paid. An invoke should include all the details of the product or services that are being purchased as well as a statement of the account to date and amounts received. Confirmations Confirmations are sent out to verify any information or payments that have been arriving. This confirmation supply two purposes * It informs the customer that payments have been received. * It provides a record of incoming monies for the customers file. Customer Files Every customer must have an individual private file, which should be set out on a computerised record The information on it must be kept up to date at all times. Letters Most organisations will have a standard letters which will deal with discrepancies. The advantage of having standardized letters is that all staff within the organisation will know what the letter says It will also have on time confusion. How to deal with discrepancies and inaccuracies Incorrect details on a booking form * To deal with this problem the customer would have to complete a new booking form as soon as possible. The employer must cancel the mistaken one from the record and add the new one with everything up to date. The employer must inform the organisation of where they have booked of this incident. Incorrect price on an invoice This is a major problem because you can end up paying extra money that you didnt need to pay for. To deal with this you would have to send a letter to the customer explaining what has happened, and also over charging would signify that you must refund monies to the customer. Incorrect address on a customer file * Since there are many different ways of communication used today, it would be doable to telephone or email the client to get their correct address and details. The Financial procedures used to process sales * Payment methods accepted (debit cards, credit cards, travellers cheques and cash). The benefits of each one of the organisation and to customers Travellers cheques This is used to gain foreign money. You can buy the cheques in different currency. Travellers cheques can only be redeemed for money with identification and the signature of the person who originally signed travellers cheques when it was purchased. Cash- cash is easier because youre paying straight up with simple cash with the right amount or not with change given Debit cards ; Credit cards are very much the same; you can make simple and quick purchase on the card with just one swipe and your pin number, there is certain amount of money on the card which will come up o the computer once you insert the card and enter your pin to check if you do have enough for you to purchase your item. When and how Invoices are issued Invoices are set to customers each time they have purchased an item, invoices are given out to customers to ensure that they are aware of what they have bought and how much they bought it for and how much they have left to pay. Invoices are giving on a piece of paper with all the details needed. Payment procedures Deposits- this is the first payment made towards your purchase, some deposits are not likely to be refundable depending of the organisation. Balance- this is the remainder that the customer needs to pay for their purchase Balance date- this is the due date when the money must be received by. This can be staggered. Full amount- this payment has to be made in order for the product or service to be taken in. How transactions are carried out This should be a process which is routine and has a logical approach Step one- you need to establish which technique the customer wants to use to pay and weather the company accepts that technique. Step two- A receptionist should be issued to the customer as a record that payment has been made. Step three- complete appropriate financial documentation, you need to ensure that the customer file is kept up to date and that the account reflects this. How to deal with discrepancies and inaccuracies Declined card ; returned cheques Debit or credit card payments will be declined if the credit limit is over beyond or if there is no fund in the account of the card. If the customers card has been refused you must ask the customer to pay by another method. If a cheque has been refused from a bank, you need to contact the customer to inform them that the cheque has been rejected and that they must use another method of payment. * This must be done in writing, so that you have a written copy of the customers file.

Mastering the Art of Dialogue - Freewrite Store

Mastering the Art of Dialogue - Freewrite Store Some writers find that producing authentic-sounding dialogue comes naturally to them. For a much larger majority, however, mastering the art of dialogue is something that takes a lot of time, effort and experimentation. Even if you find it easy to write passages of dialogue, that doesn’t mean that you’re getting it right. There’s more to mastering dialogue than being able to fill page after page with your characters’ conversations. That’s a lesson that I learned the hard way. I wasn’t fazed by writing dialogue - in fact, I actually enjoyed it - but I didn’t get the balance right, and my writing suffered as a result. My first novels and short stories were full of long passages of, well, meaningless dialogue that didn’t really move the story along. When I went back, several years later, to rewrite those initial books, I cut one manuscript from 120,000 words to 89,000 words, just by tightening up my dialogue. In this article, part of a series on developing and strengthening your writing techniques, we’re going to be looking at 3 of the common dialogue mistakes that writers make and discovering how you can master the art of dialogue by practicing 3 (relatively) simple methods. I can’t promise to make you love writing dialogue, but I can help you to exercise your dialogue-writing muscles in a productive way. Why is it So Important to Get Your Dialogue Right? Dialogue plays a huge role in your writing, so if you’re not getting it right, then you’re less likely to be succeeding as an author. Readers are picky creatures, and they notice things like badly-written dialogue or dialogue that isn’t effective. As writers, we’re slaves to the wants, needs, and desires of our readers, so it’s not like we can just expect them to accept that we have our own way of writing dialogue. If they don’t like our dialogue, they won’t be back - and they’ll probably leave scathing reviews about how disappointed they are. That’s the worst-case scenario, of course, and there are different degrees of bad dialogue (which cause anything from mild annoyance to outright outrage in our readers). The thing you need to understand is that dialogue serves so many functions in a novel that getting it wrong can have a huge impact. In a novel dialogue: Reveals emotion Breaks up the narrative Moves the story along Reveals character traits Do You Make These 3 Dialogue-Writing Mistakes? There are more than three dialogue-writing mistakes that you can make, but these are both the most common and the most problematic. Try to be hyperaware of these mistakes, so you can catch yourself in the act of making them and avoid a lot of editing later. #1 Letting Grammar Rules Rob Your Dialogue of Authenticity When I was in school, I didn’t learn grammar rules. I was born in the United Kingdom, and at the time there was a theory that children didn’t need to be taught the rules of grammar. I’ve no idea why that was the case, but my earliest stories weren’t hindered by worries about grammar. Then I studied English Language and grammar made its bold entrance into my writing. It wasn’t all bad. Some things improved. Unfortunately, my dialogue wasn’t one of them. I’ve discovered that being a stickler for grammar rules only leads to one thing in dialogue: inauthenticity. When I was shackled by grammar rules, my dialogue became formal and unnatural. Like this: Ashley set her handbag down on the dresser. â€Å"Good evening, Martin,† she said. â€Å"Good evening, Ashley,† Martin replied. â€Å"I must inform you that Mrs. Edmundson telephoned during your absence. It was requested that you return the call at your earliest convenience.† Now, there may be instances when it’s okay to use this kind of dialogue - if it portrays character traits, for example, but as a rule of thumb, in dialogue, you don’t need to stick to grammar rules 100%. Your sentences still need to make sense, but people don’t strictly adhere to grammar rules when they talk, so neither should your dialogue. Ashley dumped her bag on the dresser. â€Å"Hey, Martin,’ she called as she walked into the kitchen. ‘Hi, honey,† Martin said, looking up from his laptop. â€Å"Your Mom called while you were out; said can you give her a call back?† Doesn’t this sound way more realistic? #2 Using Dialogue to Explain Back Story in an Obvious Way Every time I see this in a novel, I cringe. I get why authors make this mistake, and I’m probably guilty of doing it myself. Using dialogue to explain back story or offer important facts that the reader needs to know is really common, but for readers, it’s just, well, wrong.Let’s look at an example: â€Å"As you know, Matt, we’ve been researching this aspect of our family history for ten years now,† Theo began. â€Å"Yes, that’s right, Theo. We got started when we had to do a project when we were at high school, didn’t we? It’s been quite an adventure! We’ve discovered some really scandalous things back in the 1700s.† â€Å"I know!† Theo replied, chuckling. â€Å"But, now we can do the Ancestry DNA and find out even more. I sent for the kit last week and it arrived this morning.† There’s nothing natural about this exchange. The characters clearly know all these things so there’s no reason why they’d need to tell each other the details - it’s purely for the readers’ benefit, and that is quite jarring. If you really must convey some backstory in dialogue (though there are lots of other ways to explain your backstory in a creative fashion), then you need to ensure that the conversation sounds more natural. Like this: Theo grabbed the Ancestry DNA kit off the counter and spun round to face his brother. â€Å"Hey, Matt, what’s your favorite thing that we’ve found out about the family history?† he asked. Matt thought for a moment. â€Å"I dunno. There’s so much scandal to choose from,† he replied. â€Å"But I guess it’d be the baby being left on the steps of the church. I mean, that’s what got us hooked on the whole family history stuff.† â€Å"Yeah,† Theo agreed. â€Å"I can’t believe we’ve been investigating this stuff for ten years! It’s like some weird addiction.† â€Å"Better to be addicted to research than the kind of stuff that the other kids who did the same project in high school got addicted to,† Matt said, sighing. â€Å"You heard that Johnny OD’d last week?† Conveying backstory in this way makes the conversation sound more natural and authentic, and it’s not an obvious dump of back story into a dialogue exchange between characters. #3 Overusing Character Names This is one of my pet peeves when I’m reading a novel. It interrupts the flow and makes dialogue sound really unnatural. Take this for an example: â€Å"Hey Dominic, how're things going?† â€Å"Not bad, Alex. How about you?† â€Å"Oh, everything’s going fine, Dominic. Are you still working at the same place?† â€Å"Yes, Alex. I’ve been working there for ten years now. I heard you’d moved up the career ladder.† â€Å"You heard right, Dominic! Got myself a promotion last year, and I’m in the running for another one this year, too.† Think about the conversations you have on a daily basis. Do you use the other person’s name in every question you ask or response you make? I’m going to take a wild guess and assume that you don’t. It’s not natural. Once, maybe, but not in every turn as this example shows. It just sounds weird - and although I get that you might try this technique to avoid overusing dialogue tags, just don’t do it. Please. There are much better ways of structuring your dialogue without dialogue tags that don’t make you resort to writing such artificial dialogue. Make Dialogue-Writing Your Superpower: 3 Methods You Need to Deploy Becoming a dialogue-writing superstar isn’t tremendously difficult. It just requires that you change the way you approach writing scenes of dialogue. These 3 methods have helped me improve my dialogue skills - and they can help you, too. #1 Record Real-Life Conversations As a Reference We have conversations with people all the time, but unless you’ve got some kind of memory superpower, it’s unlikely that you remember exactly how the conversations pan out. We remember the gist of conversations, and maybe certain phrases, but conversation is so common that it’s not something we’re likely to remember verbatim. It can be really helpful to have recordings of real-life conversations that you can refer to when you’re writing. This can help make your dialogue sound natural, and can also help with working with dialogue styles and how the way people speak can convey aspects of their character. A word of warning, though. Never, ever record a conversation with someone without asking their permission first. Tell them why you’re recording, and if they’ve got reservations, just don’t record the conversation. Recording your interactions with people without their knowledge can get you into trouble, and it’s really not worth the risk. It’s likely that you’ll have plenty of people who won’t have issues with you recording - it’s just important to be transparent about it. #2 Don’t Strive to Be 100% Realistic I started out trying to make my dialogue realistic, and while I pretty much succeeded in doing that, it wasn’t the best way to approach dialogue. You see, realistic dialogue is full of†¦ well, fluff. We have conversations with people that go off on tangents, are packed with small talk and sentences that kind of trail off. Humans interrupt each other, don’t always use the most concise means of explaining themselves, and often stammer or spend time searching for the right word. If you put all of that in your novel, you’ll absolutely be creating 100% realistic dialogue, but you’ll leave your readers confused, frustrated, or simply running for the hills and vowing never to read anything you write ever again. Okay, that last one is a bit over-dramatic, but it’s how I feel when I read books with â€Å"realistic† dialogue (even though I’m guilty of doing it myself!). Of course, while your dialogue shouldn’t be 100% realistic, you need to get the right amount of realism into your dialogue. It’s a delicate balancing act between too much realism and too little. You still need to incorporate a certain amount of aspects of real human speech, or your dialogue won’t sound natural. If that sounds like trying to navigate a minefield while blindfolded, here are some tips to help you get the balance right in your dialogue: Read your dialogue aloud as you write it. This enables you to notice how the exchanges sound, and you’ll notice if it sounds stilted, contrived or unnatural in any way. You can identify passages of dialogue that don’t flow well, and you may also find yourself tripping over words - which is a big indicator that your dialogue is not as natural as you’d like it to be (or, maybe, if it’s a thick dialect, too realistic). Give your characters different speech patterns - and don’t be afraid to steal these from people you know. Having your characters speak in a certain way - using certain words, dialect aspects and so on - that you’re familiar with makes it easier to create the right amount of realism. Have your characters interrupt each other or trail off in what they’re saying.Be cautious with this one, and use it sparingly. It creates realism, but if you use it too much, you’re going to start annoying your readers. Be careful with accents and dialects. While accents and dialects play a big part in creating distinctive speech patterns for your characters, don’t go overboard with this. It’s okay to have your characters to use some dialect words, but if you have a character with a thick accent, and you convey this in dialogue, it can get†¦ messy. Establish that your character has an accent or dialect, but don’t let this make your dialogue passages confusing or unreadable. #3 Working With Dialogue Tags and Action Beats Dialogue tags (he said, she said and so on) can become intrusive in passages of dialogue if they’re not used in the right way, but they’re also necessary to help readers know who’s saying what. Beginners to the craft of writing often fall into the trap of trying to avoid using ‘said’ all the time, by coming up with all kinds of creative ways of using dialogue tags. There’s nothing wrong with ‘said’, and, in fact, it’s one of the least intrusive of all dialogue tags. You can use other dialogue tags, of course, and it’s a good idea to use other verbs to attribute dialogue occasionally. Readers are so familiar with the word ‘said’ that actually they don’t really pay it much attention - like words such as ‘the’ and ‘and’. One thing that you should avoid when you’re writing dialogue is using adverb dialogue tags. Adverb dialogue tags are those such as ‘she said angrily’, or ‘he muttered grumpily’. Adverb tags are all too common in fiction - and while readers don’t particularly hate them, they’re actually a sign of a lazy writer. What I mean is that using a tag like ‘she said angrily’ is a cheat - you’re telling your readers that your character is angry without taking the effort to use your character’s words to show that they’re angry. You can show it in their actions, too. Just don’t cheat by resorting to the adverb tag. That brings us onto action beats. Action beats are the parts in your sections of dialogue where you describe things like facial expressions, gestures and (sparingly) your characters’ thoughts. It’s good practice to use action beats in your dialogue to avoid having monotonous ‘he said/she said’ tags. Let’s look at an example: Without action beats: â€Å"The hospital called me today,† Becca said. â€Å"What did they say?† Michael said. â€Å"The results came back,† Becca said. â€Å"My counts are back to normal!† â€Å"That’s wonderful news!† Michael said. With action beats: Becca took a deep breath and turned to face her husband. â€Å"The hospital called.† â€Å"And?† Michael froze with a glass of water halfway to his lips. â€Å"The results are in - and my counts are back to normal!† â€Å"Oh, thank God!† Michael set the glass down on the counter and threw his arms around his wife. Action beats give much more impact to your passages of dialogue and can be used to convey all kinds of emotions, responses and so on. Try it out on some existing passages of dialogue and see for yourself what a difference it makes. Becoming a Master of the Art of Dialogue You won’t always get your dialogue right. Even when you’re a master of dialogue-writing, you’re still going to slip up sometimes. Even the biggest names in the fiction-writing world do that sometimes. You can, however, continue to exercise your dialogue-writing muscles so that you don’t have to think so hard about structuring and constructing your dialogue as you’re writing. Over time, it will become more natural to write authentic and effective dialogue. You’ll make fewer mistakes, use dialogue tags in the right way, and your readers will appreciate the effort that you’ve put into honing your craft as a writer. What are you waiting for? Start practicing the art of writing kick-ass dialogue! Mastering the Art of Dialogue - Freewrite Store Some writers find that producing authentic-sounding dialogue comes naturally to them. For a much larger majority, however, mastering the art of dialogue is something that takes a lot of time, effort and experimentation. Even if you find it easy to write passages of dialogue, that doesn’t mean that you’re getting it right. There’s more to mastering dialogue than being able to fill page after page with your characters’ conversations. That’s a lesson that I learned the hard way. I wasn’t fazed by writing dialogue - in fact, I actually enjoyed it - but I didn’t get the balance right, and my writing suffered as a result. My first novels and short stories were full of long passages of, well, meaningless dialogue that didn’t really move the story along. When I went back, several years later, to rewrite those initial books, I cut one manuscript from 120,000 words to 89,000 words, just by tightening up my dialogue. In this article, part of a series on developing and strengthening your writing techniques, we’re going to be looking at 3 of the common dialogue mistakes that writers make and discovering how you can master the art of dialogue by practicing 3 (relatively) simple methods. I can’t promise to make you love writing dialogue, but I can help you to exercise your dialogue-writing muscles in a productive way. Why is it So Important to Get Your Dialogue Right? Dialogue plays a huge role in your writing, so if you’re not getting it right, then you’re less likely to be succeeding as an author. Readers are picky creatures, and they notice things like badly-written dialogue or dialogue that isn’t effective. As writers, we’re slaves to the wants, needs, and desires of our readers, so it’s not like we can just expect them to accept that we have our own way of writing dialogue. If they don’t like our dialogue, they won’t be back - and they’ll probably leave scathing reviews about how disappointed they are. That’s the worst-case scenario, of course, and there are different degrees of bad dialogue (which cause anything from mild annoyance to outright outrage in our readers). The thing you need to understand is that dialogue serves so many functions in a novel that getting it wrong can have a huge impact. In a novel dialogue: Reveals emotion Breaks up the narrative Moves the story along Reveals character traits Do You Make These 3 Dialogue-Writing Mistakes? There are more than three dialogue-writing mistakes that you can make, but these are both the most common and the most problematic. Try to be hyperaware of these mistakes, so you can catch yourself in the act of making them and avoid a lot of editing later. #1 Letting Grammar Rules Rob Your Dialogue of Authenticity When I was in school, I didn’t learn grammar rules. I was born in the United Kingdom, and at the time there was a theory that children didn’t need to be taught the rules of grammar. I’ve no idea why that was the case, but my earliest stories weren’t hindered by worries about grammar. Then I studied English Language and grammar made its bold entrance into my writing. It wasn’t all bad. Some things improved. Unfortunately, my dialogue wasn’t one of them. I’ve discovered that being a stickler for grammar rules only leads to one thing in dialogue: inauthenticity. When I was shackled by grammar rules, my dialogue became formal and unnatural. Like this: Ashley set her handbag down on the dresser. â€Å"Good evening, Martin,† she said. â€Å"Good evening, Ashley,† Martin replied. â€Å"I must inform you that Mrs. Edmundson telephoned during your absence. It was requested that you return the call at your earliest convenience.† Now, there may be instances when it’s okay to use this kind of dialogue - if it portrays character traits, for example, but as a rule of thumb, in dialogue, you don’t need to stick to grammar rules 100%. Your sentences still need to make sense, but people don’t strictly adhere to grammar rules when they talk, so neither should your dialogue. Ashley dumped her bag on the dresser. â€Å"Hey, Martin,’ she called as she walked into the kitchen. ‘Hi, honey,† Martin said, looking up from his laptop. â€Å"Your Mom called while you were out; said can you give her a call back?† Doesn’t this sound way more realistic? #2 Using Dialogue to Explain Back Story in an Obvious Way Every time I see this in a novel, I cringe. I get why authors make this mistake, and I’m probably guilty of doing it myself. Using dialogue to explain back story or offer important facts that the reader needs to know is really common, but for readers, it’s just, well, wrong.Let’s look at an example: â€Å"As you know, Matt, we’ve been researching this aspect of our family history for ten years now,† Theo began. â€Å"Yes, that’s right, Theo. We got started when we had to do a project when we were at high school, didn’t we? It’s been quite an adventure! We’ve discovered some really scandalous things back in the 1700s.† â€Å"I know!† Theo replied, chuckling. â€Å"But, now we can do the Ancestry DNA and find out even more. I sent for the kit last week and it arrived this morning.† There’s nothing natural about this exchange. The characters clearly know all these things so there’s no reason why they’d need to tell each other the details - it’s purely for the readers’ benefit, and that is quite jarring. If you really must convey some backstory in dialogue (though there are lots of other ways to explain your backstory in a creative fashion), then you need to ensure that the conversation sounds more natural. Like this: Theo grabbed the Ancestry DNA kit off the counter and spun round to face his brother. â€Å"Hey, Matt, what’s your favorite thing that we’ve found out about the family history?† he asked. Matt thought for a moment. â€Å"I dunno. There’s so much scandal to choose from,† he replied. â€Å"But I guess it’d be the baby being left on the steps of the church. I mean, that’s what got us hooked on the whole family history stuff.† â€Å"Yeah,† Theo agreed. â€Å"I can’t believe we’ve been investigating this stuff for ten years! It’s like some weird addiction.† â€Å"Better to be addicted to research than the kind of stuff that the other kids who did the same project in high school got addicted to,† Matt said, sighing. â€Å"You heard that Johnny OD’d last week?† Conveying backstory in this way makes the conversation sound more natural and authentic, and it’s not an obvious dump of back story into a dialogue exchange between characters. #3 Overusing Character Names This is one of my pet peeves when I’m reading a novel. It interrupts the flow and makes dialogue sound really unnatural. Take this for an example: â€Å"Hey Dominic, how're things going?† â€Å"Not bad, Alex. How about you?† â€Å"Oh, everything’s going fine, Dominic. Are you still working at the same place?† â€Å"Yes, Alex. I’ve been working there for ten years now. I heard you’d moved up the career ladder.† â€Å"You heard right, Dominic! Got myself a promotion last year, and I’m in the running for another one this year, too.† Think about the conversations you have on a daily basis. Do you use the other person’s name in every question you ask or response you make? I’m going to take a wild guess and assume that you don’t. It’s not natural. Once, maybe, but not in every turn as this example shows. It just sounds weird - and although I get that you might try this technique to avoid overusing dialogue tags, just don’t do it. Please. There are much better ways of structuring your dialogue without dialogue tags that don’t make you resort to writing such artificial dialogue. Make Dialogue-Writing Your Superpower: 3 Methods You Need to Deploy Becoming a dialogue-writing superstar isn’t tremendously difficult. It just requires that you change the way you approach writing scenes of dialogue. These 3 methods have helped me improve my dialogue skills - and they can help you, too. #1 Record Real-Life Conversations As a Reference We have conversations with people all the time, but unless you’ve got some kind of memory superpower, it’s unlikely that you remember exactly how the conversations pan out. We remember the gist of conversations, and maybe certain phrases, but conversation is so common that it’s not something we’re likely to remember verbatim. It can be really helpful to have recordings of real-life conversations that you can refer to when you’re writing. This can help make your dialogue sound natural, and can also help with working with dialogue styles and how the way people speak can convey aspects of their character. A word of warning, though. Never, ever record a conversation with someone without asking their permission first. Tell them why you’re recording, and if they’ve got reservations, just don’t record the conversation. Recording your interactions with people without their knowledge can get you into trouble, and it’s really not worth the risk. It’s likely that you’ll have plenty of people who won’t have issues with you recording - it’s just important to be transparent about it. #2 Don’t Strive to Be 100% Realistic I started out trying to make my dialogue realistic, and while I pretty much succeeded in doing that, it wasn’t the best way to approach dialogue. You see, realistic dialogue is full of†¦ well, fluff. We have conversations with people that go off on tangents, are packed with small talk and sentences that kind of trail off. Humans interrupt each other, don’t always use the most concise means of explaining themselves, and often stammer or spend time searching for the right word. If you put all of that in your novel, you’ll absolutely be creating 100% realistic dialogue, but you’ll leave your readers confused, frustrated, or simply running for the hills and vowing never to read anything you write ever again. Okay, that last one is a bit over-dramatic, but it’s how I feel when I read books with â€Å"realistic† dialogue (even though I’m guilty of doing it myself!). Of course, while your dialogue shouldn’t be 100% realistic, you need to get the right amount of realism into your dialogue. It’s a delicate balancing act between too much realism and too little. You still need to incorporate a certain amount of aspects of real human speech, or your dialogue won’t sound natural. If that sounds like trying to navigate a minefield while blindfolded, here are some tips to help you get the balance right in your dialogue: Read your dialogue aloud as you write it. This enables you to notice how the exchanges sound, and you’ll notice if it sounds stilted, contrived or unnatural in any way. You can identify passages of dialogue that don’t flow well, and you may also find yourself tripping over words - which is a big indicator that your dialogue is not as natural as you’d like it to be (or, maybe, if it’s a thick dialect, too realistic). Give your characters different speech patterns - and don’t be afraid to steal these from people you know. Having your characters speak in a certain way - using certain words, dialect aspects and so on - that you’re familiar with makes it easier to create the right amount of realism. Have your characters interrupt each other or trail off in what they’re saying.Be cautious with this one, and use it sparingly. It creates realism, but if you use it too much, you’re going to start annoying your readers. Be careful with accents and dialects. While accents and dialects play a big part in creating distinctive speech patterns for your characters, don’t go overboard with this. It’s okay to have your characters to use some dialect words, but if you have a character with a thick accent, and you convey this in dialogue, it can get†¦ messy. Establish that your character has an accent or dialect, but don’t let this make your dialogue passages confusing or unreadable. #3 Working With Dialogue Tags and Action Beats Dialogue tags (he said, she said and so on) can become intrusive in passages of dialogue if they’re not used in the right way, but they’re also necessary to help readers know who’s saying what. Beginners to the craft of writing often fall into the trap of trying to avoid using ‘said’ all the time, by coming up with all kinds of creative ways of using dialogue tags. There’s nothing wrong with ‘said’, and, in fact, it’s one of the least intrusive of all dialogue tags. You can use other dialogue tags, of course, and it’s a good idea to use other verbs to attribute dialogue occasionally. Readers are so familiar with the word ‘said’ that actually they don’t really pay it much attention - like words such as ‘the’ and ‘and’. One thing that you should avoid when you’re writing dialogue is using adverb dialogue tags. Adverb dialogue tags are those such as ‘she said angrily’, or ‘he muttered grumpily’. Adverb tags are all too common in fiction - and while readers don’t particularly hate them, they’re actually a sign of a lazy writer. What I mean is that using a tag like ‘she said angrily’ is a cheat - you’re telling your readers that your character is angry without taking the effort to use your character’s words to show that they’re angry. You can show it in their actions, too. Just don’t cheat by resorting to the adverb tag. That brings us onto action beats. Action beats are the parts in your sections of dialogue where you describe things like facial expressions, gestures and (sparingly) your characters’ thoughts. It’s good practice to use action beats in your dialogue to avoid having monotonous ‘he said/she said’ tags. Let’s look at an example: Without action beats: â€Å"The hospital called me today,† Becca said. â€Å"What did they say?† Michael said. â€Å"The results came back,† Becca said. â€Å"My counts are back to normal!† â€Å"That’s wonderful news!† Michael said. With action beats: Becca took a deep breath and turned to face her husband. â€Å"The hospital called.† â€Å"And?† Michael froze with a glass of water halfway to his lips. â€Å"The results are in - and my counts are back to normal!† â€Å"Oh, thank God!† Michael set the glass down on the counter and threw his arms around his wife. Action beats give much more impact to your passages of dialogue and can be used to convey all kinds of emotions, responses and so on. Try it out on some existing passages of dialogue and see for yourself what a difference it makes. Becoming a Master of the Art of Dialogue You won’t always get your dialogue right. Even when you’re a master of dialogue-writing, you’re still going to slip up sometimes. Even the biggest names in the fiction-writing world do that sometimes. You can, however, continue to exercise your dialogue-writing muscles so that you don’t have to think so hard about structuring and constructing your dialogue as you’re writing. Over time, it will become more natural to write authentic and effective dialogue. You’ll make fewer mistakes, use dialogue tags in the right way, and your readers will appreciate the effort that you’ve put into honing your craft as a writer. What are you waiting for? Start practicing the art of writing kick-ass dialogue!

Managing Human resources Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Managing Human resources - Essay Example ts are losing ground to a new generation of value-added core HR functions that include career planning, executive development, training, succession planning and organization development’ (Rowden, 1999, 22). In any case, the importance of human resource management (HRM) for the development of business activities cannot be denied; in fact, HR can help a firm to improve its position in its industry; in order for this target to be achieved it is necessary that the knowledge available in all organizational departments is appropriately evaluated and processed (Lawler et al., 2003). On the other hand, the cost involved in the development of various HR policies could be a reason for the limitation of relevant business initiatives; the specific issue is highlighted in the study of Haines (1997) where it is noticed that most firms worldwide ‘view their human resources as an expense rather than an asset -- an element that is expendable and perhaps discarded when the skills possesse d becomes obsolete’ (Haines, 1997, 95). Indeed, in a survey conducted by the National Statistics of UK – the most recent available data on this issue – it was proved that ‘‘nine out of ten employers (90 per cent) had provided any job-related training (either off- or on-the-job training) to their employees in the 12 months prior to the interview’ (National Statistics Online, UK, 2002). In the above report it is noticed that for previous years, the indications regarding the behaviour of employers towards their employees are similar. Current paper focuses on the examination of the various aspects of rewarding in a specific firm: JINNIKINS JEANS. The practices of the firm regarding the specific issue are presented and explained trying to identify the potential effects of these practices on the firm’s objectives – either in the short and the long term. In the firm under examination, the reward system is based on specific actions – in hierarchical order; the benefits for the

Strategic Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Strategic Planning - Essay Example A careful analysis of an organizations Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) helps in assessing the performance of current strategies, developing new ones to overcome the weaknesses, integrate new decisions to avoid threats and strategic decisions made to avail the opportunities. Strategic planning is the process whereby, organizations put the strategies and ideas developed by strategic thinking into action. Strategic thinking supports strategic planning which result in strategic decision making of an organization. Strategic thinking is not merely an imaginative approach of thinking and analyzing situations which may arise as a result of a particular step, investment or change in the organization. Strategic thinking involves a goal oriented approach which is supported by critical analysis of the forces which surround the results of a particular decision and the ability to develop responses to those forces. Hence, strategic thinking is the first process of implementi ng strategic management concepts. Strategic planning is the process whereby, organizations struggle in order to integrate the strategies developed by strategic thinking. Strategic planning is the struggle to practically apply concepts and ideas developed through strategic thinking in the business and assess the predictable future of the changes or strategies introduced. In order to implement the planned strategies, strategic leadership provides a vision and direction to successfully achieve the aims of an organization. Strategic leaders are responsible to direct the workforce with appropriate instructions, guidance and directions to achieve the goals which are developed through strategic planning process. (3)Present the Mozilla/Firefox SWOT analysis clearly, using a bullet, list, or tabular format with categorical headings, providing a clear delineation of individual items. Strengths: Open-source community Faster in opening web pages Ability to resist hackers and viruses High-tech w ith many new technologies embedded such as the tabbed browsing system, the download manager attachment, etc. Command over 15% market share for browsers Open nature for discussion within the organization. Weaknesses: Revenues are dependent on Google (contractual basis) Highly dependent on external volunteers/developers The high dependence on external volunteer/developers may not be useful or highly innovative and may waste time of the organsation to pursue such ideas. The company being a non-profit organization waits for voluntary investors, this may lead to untimely funding which may not be useful as the funds would not be available at times when the actual research/design is actually carried. Opportunities: Building a network of volunteers that would help in the provision of technical support through telephone, email, etc. Further innovation through technological advancement. Threats: High innovation requirements due to competition The company’s inability to cope with techno logical advancement at any point in time would lead other competitors to take over. Lack of confidentiality issues. The success of Internet Explorer 7 or any other web browser. (Freedman, 2007) (4) Indicate the implications of your analysis for planning and implementation, including recommendations that seem to follow your analysis. Strategic management requires a three part structure for thinking about strategy: Strategic position, strategic choices and finally implementation of those strategies

Media Violence Essay Example for Free

Media Violence Essay Introduction   Ã‚   A number of psychological problems are surfacing these days, especially concerning the younger generation. The open viewer ship of television, movies playing video games instill young children with the aggression violent energy of the show. It has been deduced through extensive research that children who view more media violence are more verbally physically aggressive becoming more anti social as the years pass. â€Å"Media violence exposure is described as a risk factor for aggressive beliefs and behaviors, and it is argued that media violence exposure in combination with other risk factors for aggression (e. g., hostile attribution bias, sex, prior aggression) can produce an effect greater than any single risk factor alone.† (For further review Gentile et al 2004)   Ã‚   Psychologists have been conducting researches to learn more about the physical mental effects of violence through media. The intense antagonistic music, lyrics videos affect the viewers most negatively regardless of their age. Even the cartoons which are meant purely for children’s viewing have turned aggressive boisterous. In classrooms students are getting into fights with co- students forming cliques comprising of most popular un- popular students all derived from the latest TV series. This impact is seen in girls more than in boys; however the boys are more into the aggressive attitudes physically. The matters to be discussed are: How the media affects the minds of young children? What steps are being taken by the parents to control these consequences? What measures are the media related people taking so as to broadcast less violence in TV shows? The government officials dealings to solve this problem? The problems occurring due to this social learning; a process where an individual learns by watching imitating others instead of ones own experiences, by exposure to TV violence in the early years are numerous. Some main points to be highlighted are: Diminishing of the involuntary concern for another’s suffering. Losing the sensitivity towards violence aggression by becoming habitual. Imitating the violent acts as seen in the movie. Exhibiting a hostile attitude towards others. Prevalence of risk factor:   Ã‚   Due to the availability of many media options like cable television, DVDs, the ever progressing video games. Unlimited time is being spent in watching cartoon animated movies, which are becoming more sadistic as the technology advances; generating a number of behavioral, social emotional problems. At times the media simply provide a boom to an already disturbed child under stress due to family or school troubles. Often it causes severe psychotic disorders pervasive developmental disorders with a very low frequency which makes it difficult to identify the main causes. (Merrell K. 1999) Description of risk factor at different ages:   Ã‚   The risk factors in media violence are many observed differently at each age level also gender wise.   A research   concluded at 99% of American families have televisions at home, 87% a VCR,   54% children have televisions video games in their own bedrooms. Average time an American child spends per day, in viewing different types of media is 6 hours 43 minutes; of which 90 minutes each day is spent in playing video games. This deduces that they consume double the amount of time in watching TV playing video games then they spend at school annually. Children are mostly fascinated by the fantasies stories hence fantasy based games are the most popular among kids. The total estimation of the profit earned by the video games industry is a whopping $ 10 billion dollars a year, even crossing the gross of the ever popular motion pictures.    It has not yet been deduced how the media violence effects infants but it may cause them to imitate behaviors in a minimal manner, from what they grasp. Usually the viewer ship becomes stronger when they reach the age of two a half or above. That’s the time when they develop the ability to grasp the right meaning of what they view on television then incorporate it in their actions.    The children of age group 6 8 are most likely to be fascinated by what they view on media. They do not have the experience maturity to characterize between the real life fantasy hence; they feel infatuated by the fictional characters try to imitate their actions verbally physically. Many children, when asked what they want to be when they grow up, answer mostly the names of superheroes they watch admire on TV like superman or batman.   Ã‚  When the movie superman was released many children tried to copy the flying act by tying a cape around their neck jumping from a higher place. This ended up in a number of casualties therefore frustration on not being able to carry out the task, which the superman so flawlessly renders. This is not an only example; the horror movies children view also create negative effects in the young minds. When the movie Childs play was released, a huge number of children threw away their dolls had countless nightmares by imagining the face of chucky the evil doll feeling scared.    The young age is open to magical ideas fantasies. They consider the on-screen violence as reality, this though process gradually develops as the child ages the difference between reality fantasy diminishes. The TV is taking over the family moments. This development is progressing with great pace which is an extremely serious issue needs to be tackled controlled by the parents with the collaboration of the media related people.   Ã‚   The media viewing habits that the children develop at an early stage influence their life throughout the ages. The inspiration they take from the fast paced colorful cartoons movies will embark a feeling of aggression at a premature level. The exploring property of young minds fosters them to learn the violent actions of the characters emulate them themselves. This characteristic is further highlighted by the intense sounds music supporting the movie. Theory    The reality enjoyment level of the violence creates de-sensitization. It is a feeling when the individual, loses the feeling of compassion or sensitivity becomes oblivious to the violence being broadcasted in front of him. This process is cemented by the high levels of graphics being used in video games movies these days. The points or rewards on killing, blood showing body mutilation in video games are considered as normal undertakings.    Depression is considered to be the major psychiatric disease of the 20th century. (M. Abdel et al, 2006) This problem is becoming common in young children as well, mostly appearing during the teenage years, it intervenes with a child’s psychological, social academic functioning evoking a suicidal behavior. The signs are often showcased by a child exhibit frustration low tolerance. Various factors are materializing due to the media violence exposure in children: Epidemiologists who have been studying the factors of violence other common social issues discovered that exposure to violent media played a vital part in 10,000 homicides committed in the United States of America last year (E. Cook, 2000) Individuals preferring heavy metal music are more subjective to psychological disarray, substance exploitation, suicidal risk in the extreme stage during adolescence. The effects of interactive media like internet video games are more enduring persuasive on violent behavior than passive media like television as they have increased levels of aggression hostility having a tendency to make the individual insensitive to violence. An inclination towards using drugs indulging in unsafe sex, contributing to the widely spreading diseases like HIV aids, cancer of different types. Specific effects on children/adolescents     Ã‚  Ã‚  The students of middle school or high school, around the age of 12 to 17 are very much capable of theoretical thinking elucidation. However, when exposed to the world of media they do not utilize these mental abilities, making them as prone to media violence effects as younger children. By this age they get much independence by the parents, thus making them highly vulnerable to in appropriate media. This is more compelling for boys than in girls; however, girls too are being captivated into the same habits nowadays. They indulge in viewing media dealing issues in negative ways including loud music videos, horror often pornographic content.    A research conducted by the of Washington epidemiologist Brandon Centerwall, evaluated that among one- quarter one- third convicted young male criminals had consciously imitated the violent techniques they had seen on television.(Tepperman)   Ã‚  Ã‚   Some percentage of youngsters both male females who associate the media content with real life are more prone to becoming aggressive later in life, however they are less prone to identify with television characters doubt the reality of media at this age as compared to younger children. Whereas younger children, are much enthralled captivated by the aggressive heroes depicted in the media. Excessive exposure to strong media generates some particular effects on children like: The violent behavior might perceive them into becoming attackers. It may induce fear in the individual hence creating a victimized effect. The excessive viewing of violent content may make them insensitive ruthless to the belligerence happening around them in media or in real life. It can make them ambitious for yet more aggression violence by creating an effect of negative desire.    The children studying at elementary school level are very keen in recognizing patterns of the actions depicted in media especially cartoons which appeal to them the most. Their cognitive abilities make it a grave period to make conjectures about the vociferous content recognize motivations of the characters.    The society should show some concern to the risks encompassed being spread through media. The fact that a young mind learns develops aggressive behavior later becomes desensitized to it; has been proven by a number of scientific researches. The violence itself is not the attraction for younger children, the graphic content dramatic production features set up the hype. As young as preschool students view cartoons like Pokemon which has been banned earlier in many countries due to its violent theme.   Ã‚   The children not just enjoy the cartoons; they buy the merchandise games of their favorite show as well. Another factor that appears here is when the families who cannot afford such extravagance fail to comply with the Childs demands; it creates a sense of severance in him or her. This might induce him to steal or get into fights so as to hide this feeling. It has been noted by parents teachers alike, that when preschooler watch any stimulating action oriented content, they become more aggressive in their play. The teenagers have a predisposition to confront conventional authority making them vulnerable to interpret some television violence especially exposà © of suicide murders. Research findings   Ã‚   If we observe the viewer ship of programs like MTV WWE containing explicit matter, it is clear that children most exposed to these programs are verbally physically more aggressive anti social. Children viewing WWE are physically more violent get into more fights at school. Both the viewers showed decline in school grades. Girls surprisingly have a higher tendency than boys to get into fights. The steps that appear in children exposed to violence on media making them most likely to imitate it are: Identification with the hero the program itself. Fantasizing about the program creating one’s own stories on its bases. The aptitude to commit the act. Vulnerability and protective factor    The expansion of children’s media started in the early 1940s up till now comprises of television, video tapes, DVDs, electronic games, interactive soft wares. The visual media has flourished more as compared to the print media like comic story books. The 1990s saw a transformation of media into a more violent physically aggressive medium. The rating system that they used to label the content has not been implemented properly thus provoke the risk of violence in young children, often traumatizing them affecting their judgmental qualities.   Ã‚  Ã‚  The media portrays unrealistic concepts regarding beauty physical appearances as sales tactics. This is perceived by the young minds in a negative way propelling them to opt for unhealthy diets suffer body disorders psychological effects when they are unable to attain that look. Minimum 20 hours per week are spent in television viewing by an average American child not counting the time spent on movies, music, video games Internet. This association with media is promoting inactivity the children. Less time is spent on studies social life. The parents use the TV as a way to get the children out of the way. Especially mothers so they can complete housework with ease.    The use of tobacco, alcohol illicit drugs is represented as high glamour in the media. The characters of the movies or TV shows often shown indulging in them. (Clark, 2007) $6 billion $2 billion dollars are spent annually by the tobacco alcohol manufactures respectively in advertising their product. Educational messages are also broadcasted but on a much smaller scale.   Ã‚   Repeated viewing of the harmful content has been noted to lower emotional response to violence increase hostility in individuals. Studies have documented that desensitization results in reduced arousal and emotional disturbance while witnessing violence.   Ã‚   A survey conducted in Ohio, in 1998 of more than 2000 3-8 grade students showed that as the viewer ship increased the psychological effects like anxiety, depression posttraumatic stress increased as well. (Cantor, 2002) A normal American child witness more than 8000 murders on media by the time he’s 11, 75% of these show the murderer performing the act without any regret making the children either insensitive or fearful of the society’s negative acts. (Gentile et all, 2004)   A national survey in 1999 revealed that 62% parents of children ages ranging from 2-17 confessed their child being frightened by something they saw on TV. Strengths and limitations Surveys were conducted, strength is that research will have positive implications if steps taken to avoid exposure of media on young children. Our research limitation is that we have to rely on questionnaires for this study. Though every person who takes the survey we take consent to be truthful and honest, but still some people might not be serious in answering the questions.   Ã‚   The research we conducted brought out many views issues concerning the media’s violent nature by parents psychological experts. Many a times the results deduced by a survey are not 100% accurate due to the answers not being stated with honesty. Often parents hide their children’s problems so as to cast a positive likeable image in front of others. Thus, giving false information diluting the research. Further investigation should be planned executed to fully extract the true happenings. This can help in contriving the broadcast of media to promote positive points among its viewers. The studies should be devised with a broad view so as to cover all the aspects whether good or bad. Often the experts do not co-operate with the evaluators therefore the end results lack professional guidelines. Expert opinion is always required to cement the result of surveys strengthen the evaluation.    The researches conducted in schools proved to be quite remarkable helped in collecting physical psychological health of the children. The information given was backed by the annual report cards examination results of each student. More studies should be conducted in different level schools. It provides a beneficial lead in devising theories regarding the children. Future directions for research Further research is needed in this field and especially research must be conducted to study the effect of media on developmental psychology of children. Future research will reveal how violence in media is affecting children and the related frequency of occurrence of abnormal psychological disorders. This will help taking further steps to stop such media violence and avoid psychological problems.    The research conducted proves that moderate television viewing with parents check is rather favorable for the young children. The media can be used as an effective tool in teaching developing sound habits in children through parental guidance proper planning of the medium’s people. Parents can use the specific shows as guidelines to satisfy the child’s inquisition. Watching programs with good values ethics on TV can help the children understand the right way to behave.    However the media is being used in a limited way, the variety of messages that can be incorporated through the medium is being ignored. Changes must be designed to use the medium in a finest way. The gaps left by this research evaluation should be fulfilled by further researches that are extensively conducted.    Advertising entertainment industries represent the culture spirit of the respective country to the rest of the world must not be used casually. Parents teachers should come up with strategies to create a sense of understanding in the children from an early age.   The parents should realize what effects the movies content on TV are having on their children try to minimize TV viewing at home level. Some ways that may be incorporated by parents to limit children’s revelation to violence are: Restricting keeping a check on what their children view on TV Discussing the programs with older children or young adults to clear their minds of any confusion help them in expressing their opinions. Start a family oriented time by going for picnics, organizing a special lunch or dinner. Allow the children to watch TV for a selected time period only programs that are desirable for their viewing. Offer criticism on TV channels sponsors for showing in appropriate programs or content so as to force them to use proper censorship. Conclusion    The effects whether positive or negative concerning today’s media are out in the open. It is the duty of every individual to counter such issues raise their voices to control them. Many researches experiments are being conducted to realize the short-term long-term effects of violent media. Feelings of hostility, revenge, anger sprout in a young mind provoke him or her to retaliate. Many reasons that promote violence on media are present. Often the viewer the broadcaster thinks the effect is too minute to make a difference in anyone’s mind, nevertheless children are affected by the smallest of acts without worrying about its positive or negative aspect. The media declaring that that there is no understanding of the definition of violence among the people continue to showcase the explicit content. They further comprehend by saying they show what the people want to watch. Believing that violence shown on media is simply showcasing real life. This is mostly observed in news channels movies, where gruesome details of murder accidents are shown openly. Parents allow children to view violent content in the name of comedy, many well-liked shows illustrate this example such as the ever popular tom jerry cartoon which shows both the characters beating or pummeling each other References Anon., (May 28, 2003) Preventing violence by teaching non-violent problem-solving American Psychological Association, [accessed 1st December 2007] http://www.psychologymatters.org/bandura2.html Anon, (February 19, 2004) Violence in the media psychologists helps protect children from harmful effects American Psychological Association [accessed 1st December 2007] http://www.psychologymatters.org/mediaviolence.html Donald E. Cook, (September 13, 2000) Testimony of the American academy of pediatrics on media violence presented to the U.S. senate commerce committee http://www.aap.org/advocacy/releases/mediaviolencetestimony.pdf Douglas A. Gentile, David A. Walsh, Paul R. Ellison, Michelle Fox Jennifer Cameron (May, 2004) Media violence as a risk factor for children: a longitudinal study presented to the American Psychological Society 16th Annual Convention, Chicago, Illinois- pgs 2-5 Jean Tepperman, [January-February 1997]. What do children learn from media violence? Childrens Advocate newsmagazine, Action Alliance for Children Action Alliance for Children [accessed 1st December 2007] http://www.4children.org/news/1-97toxl.htm Joanne Cantor, (April 19, 2002). The psychological effects of media violence on children and adolescents Presented at the Colloquium on Television and Violence in Society http://www.joannecantor.com/montrealpap_fin.htm Kenneth W. Merrell, (1999) Assessment of other behavioral, social, and emotional problems: Behavioral, Social and Emotional Assessment of Children and Adolescents Lawrence Erlbaum Associates- Mahwah, NJ. Publication chapter 11, pg 275 http://www.questia.com/read/28160055# Laura B. Clark (2007) Influence on children media history of media for children, general considerations, studies of media influence, domains of influence, recommendations Education Encyclopedia http://education.stateuniversity.com/pages/2212/Media-Influence-on-Children.html Moataz M. Abdel- Fattah Abdel-Rahman A. Asal, (August 13, 2006) Prevalence, symptomatology, and risk factors for depression among high school students in Saudi Arabia copyright  © 2005 Europes Journal of Psychology [Accessed 1st December 2007] http://www.ejop.org/archives/2006/08/prevalence_symp.htm Wendy L. Josephson, (February 1995) Television violence: a  review of the effects on children of different ages for the Department of Canadian Heritage Reprinted with permission, by the Media Awareness Network. September 1997 [accessed on 1st December 2007] http://www.cfc-efc.ca/docs/mnet/00001068.htm

Patriarchy and Gender Roles in King Lear and A Midsummer Night’s Dream

Through his characters and characterization in both King Lear and A Midsummer Night’s Dream, Shakespeare sought not to reproduce the dominant ideas on patriarchy at the time, but rather to critique the ideology of patriarchy and the socio-political construction of male and female roles. â€Å"Be advised, fair maid. To you your father should be as a god, One that composed your beauties; yea, and one To whom you are but as a form in wax, By him imprinted, and within his power To leave the figure, or disfigure it.† - William Shakespeare. A Midsummer Night’s Dream Judith Butler in her book Gender Troubles asserts that gender is a construction of an individual’s society and upbringing, believing that the concept of female and male identity is not inherent to the individual but is rather a product of society. There has been numerous debates on the concept of sex and gender, Valerie Traub in Gender and Sexuality in Shakespeare states that â€Å"Sex refers to the biological distinctions between male and female bodies [while] gender refers to those meanings derived from the division of male and female . . . the attributes considered appropriate to each: ‘masculine’ and ‘feminine.’†. In the Shakespearean period, the traditional role of females at the time was one of inferiority as their role in society was primarily domestic, forcing them to remain in the private sphere of the public. Men however, were viewed as superior and ruled in all aspects; even throughout half a century of Queens, women lived the life of the inferior sex. The patriarchal ideology was used to support this position of women in the renaissance period. Despite these ruling notions, William Shakespeare often commented, through the characters in his plays and sonn... ... Genres. New York: Routledge, 2005. Print. Traub, Valarie. â€Å"Gender and Sexuality in Shakespeare,† in The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare, ed. Grazia, de Margreta, Wells, Stanley. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001, 129. Warren, Samantha. Shakespeare On Gender Roles. https://suite101.com/a/shakepeare-on-gender-roles-a330914. n.d . Web. March 18 2014. Webb, C. Allen. Literature & Lives: A Response-Based, Cultural Studies Approach to Teaching English. National Council of Teachers of English. 2000. Web The Role of Inversion in Kings Lear. http://voices.yahoo.com/the-role-inversion-shakespeares-king-lear-11582864.html?cat=44. August 6 2012. Web. March 16, 2014. Gender Studies in King Lear and Macbeth. http://www.thetutorpages.com/tutor-article/a-level-english/gender-studies-in-king-lear-and-macbeth/4308. March 21 2012. Web. March 16 2014.

10 Cloud Computing Companies To Watch. CA Technologies Essay

CA Technologies formerly known as CA, Inc is one of the largest and leading software enterprises in the world and it is headquartered at New York, USA. It is responsible for the creation of software that gives many companies an upper hand in the current application economy. CA software is designed to help companies and industries acquire productivity and growth through extensive and top notch CA software and solutions. History of the company The company was founded in 1976 by Charles Wang. Charles had been born in Shanghai but moved to the United States at the age of eight years old. He studied math and physics at Queens College. After graduating, he took up a trainee job as a computer programmer for a small computer service agency in New York. The agency was responsible for marketing software for the Swiss firm Computer Associates. The Swiss company wanted to expand its market in the USA and Wang saw an opportunity for a business enterprise with the Swiss company. Wang along with his friend and partner Russ Artzt created their own company. With only two partners, Wang opened up an office that marketed the Swiss products. The company did not do so well until when they developed CA-SORT. The program was designed to help computers sort through data quickly and economically. The program gave a similar IBM program stiff competition and majority of IBM clients later shifted to CA’s program. This was a great leap of success for the CA Company. The company expanded and started to recruit and hire more people. In 1980, Wang and partners bought out the Swiss parent company and then they made the company public in 1981. As from the moment the company went public it began to program and focus on expansion through acquisitions. It bought Capex Corporation, Stewart P. Orr Associates, Information Unlimited Software, Sorcim, Viking Data Systems, Uccel, Cullinet, On-Line Software International, Inc., CSMI (Computer Management Sciences, Inc.), Platinum Technology International, Layer 7 Technologies, Applied Data Research, Cheyenne Software, Johnson Systems, Arkay Computer, and many more. It also bought Top Secret, from CGA Computer, a program designed as a computer security system. It later on purchased Integrated System Software Corp. and Software International, both being application software. The later being responsible for financial application and the former for graphics softw are. Wang resigned as the CEO of the company on 2000 and his position was taken up by Sanjay Kumar. John Swainson was the next CEO in the company but retired at the end of the year 2009. CA technologies announced William E. McCracken as the chairman of the board and the chief executive officer on January 28, 2010. He was replaced by Michael P. Gregoire on January 7, 2013 who is the current chairman of the board and the chief executive officer at CA Technologies and Russell M. Artzt as the current Vice Chairman. Products and services CA Technologies have a number of products and services, mostly software, which is designed to transform businesses and enables customers to seize the opportunities of the application economy. Their main area of expertise lies on three major areas, Cloud, Mainframe, and Mobile. They have four main portfolios, the ca Securecenter. Ca Opscenter, ca Devcenter, and the ca Intellicenter. Its main services include project and portfolio management, application performance management, infrastructure management, security management, cloud services, data center automation and virtualization, and service management. These services are distinctively placed and categorized in the four main portfolios named above. The ca Securecenter portfolio enables and secures the open enterprise by authenticating and securing access for the right users on any device, anywhere while providing a superior customer experience. It has a number of featured products such as the CA Identity Manager SaaS, CA Single Sign-On, CA Sign-On SaaS, CA Advanced Authentication, CA API Gateway, CA API Developer Portal, CA Mobile API Gateway, CA Identity Manager, CA Identity Governance, and the CA Privileged Identity Manager. All these products are optimally designed to offer maximum security conveniently to their customers. CITATION CAI15 l 1033 (CA Securecenter) CA Opscenter portfolio provides tools that manage and monitor performance and availability, giving you the keys to ensuring your customers are up and running. Some of their products include CA Unified Infrastructure Management, CA 1 Tape Management, CA Allocate DASD Space and Placement, CA App Synthetic Monitor, CA Application Delivery Analysis, CA Capacity Managemen t, CA Bind Analyzer for DB2 for z/OS, CA Big Data Infrastructure Management, CA Automation Point, and the CA Application Performance, etc. CITATION CAO15 l 1033 (CA Opscenter) The ca Devcenter portfolio is designed to develop high quality applications faster by leveraging tools that create virtual integrations, enable parallel development and continuous testing. The ca Devcenter portfolio is designed deploy applications from development through production with automated orchestration. Some of the products it features are the CA Service Virtualization, CA 2E, CA Application Lifestyle Conductor, CA Application Test, CA Automation Suite for Clouds, CA Cloud Manager Powered by ServiceMesh, CA Test, CA Configuration Automation, CA Continuous Application Insight, CA Data Finder, and many more. These products are intended to deliver innovation to market faster with higher quality. CITATION CAD15 l 1033 (CA DevCenter) The ca Intellicenter portfolio has the software needed to make the right portfolio decisions and gain a holistic view of IT services and assets, enabling your business to manage the business of IT. Their featured products include; CA Cloud Service Management, CA Executive Playbook, CA Agile Planning, CA PPM, CA Service Desk Manager, CA Service Catalog, CA IT Assets Manager, CA Business Service Insight, CA On Demand Portal, and the Xtraction for CA Service Management. These products seek to drive productivity and provide a superior IT Serve Management experiences in the businesses that invest on them. CITATION CAI151 l 1033 (CA Intellicenter)Competition facing the company’s products A lot of software related companies have invested in cloud computing services including CA technologies. Their cloud computing, CA Cloud manager, faces competition from other platforms, such as Microsoft that offers Azure, Amazon that is offering the Amazon Web Services, AT&T that is offering Synaptic Hosting, Enomaly that is currently offering Enomaly’s Elastic Computing Platform (ECP) and Rackspace that offers Rackspace Cloud also referred to as â€Å"Mosso†. These services are mostly used by Web developers and software-as-a-service (SaaS) providers. CITATION Jon09 l 1033 (Brodkin, 2009) There are numerous suppliers of project and portfolio management (PPM) software. Companies like 4c Systems, Antura, Artemis, IBM, Oracle, BMC Software, Cambridge Systematics, Davies Consulting, etc offer different PPM software. The 4c System offers 4c Portfolio Intelligence, Antura offers Antura Projects, IBM offers Rational Focal Point, Oracle offers Crystal Ball, BMC offers IT Servi ce Management, Cambridge Systematics offers Prioritas and Davies Consulting offers AIS. All these companies offer this PPM software designs that are designed to assist companies in efficiently identifying and managing projects. CA technologies offers Clarity PPM which is successfully used by many corporations but also faces too much completion from other PPM providers. Infrastructure Management software (IM) is a system designed to manage essential operation components, such as policies, processes, equipment, data, human resource and external contacts for overall effectiveness. It has a number of vendors such as IBM, Microsoft, Hewlett-Packard and CA technologies. Some of the competing systems include SAP IT IM, Data Center IM, which offer major competition to CA Infrastructure Management. CITATION Mar07 l 1033 (Rouse, 2007) Application Performance Management (APM) is a system designed to monitor real time customer experience and goes ahead to compare the performance deprivation back to the system measures. CA technologies are responsible for CA PPM. There are various APM systems that offer stiff competition to the CA APM. Some of these APM systems vendors include; INETCO, AppNeta, Riverbed, Oracle, HP, Compuware and also CA. the various CA systems in the market that are currently competing with CA APM system are; New Relic, Foglight, Magic Quadran t, and SpyglassTools that is a Java Application Monitoring APM Competitors in the market Every company experiences competition, in one way or the other. The competition can be from within or from outside. Majority of the competition that most corporations face is from other rival organizations. CA Inc. like any normal corporation has its own competition in the existing market. Some of the top competitors include BMC Software, Inc., Compuware Corporation, Hewlett-Packard Company, International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) and VMware, Inc. Corporations in competition BMC Software, Inc. provides IT management solutions and services. It has a wide array of products and services that it offers on its portfolio. These services include remedy IT service management suite, big data management, Cloud computing software, data center automation services, IT operations services, ITSM consulting services, workload automation, and the process alignment service among others. BMC is headquartered in Houston, Texas, in the US. It caters to a wide range of customers such as banks, institutions of learning, government agencies, system integrators, hospitals, retailers, distributors, manufacturers, financial service providers, telecommunication companies, and resellers. Oracle Corporation is one of the leading corporations that provide enterprise software, computer hardware, products and services. The company offers various services such as Oracle database, middleware software, cloud infrastructure, application software, and hardware systems. The company provides its services to a wide variety of customers such as the healthcare industry, oil and gas professional services, life sciences, financial services industry, aerospace and defense industry, natural resources and chemicals industry. The company is headquartered in Redwood City in the U.S. the company mainly focuses on expanding through acquisition of companies, products, services and technologies. This way it would strengthen and widen its customer base and create and generate more innovations. Compuware Corporation provides services, software and practices for IT corporations globally. It also provides professional technical services in areas such as performance engineering, mobile application development and system modernization. Its headquarters are in Detroit, Michigan in the US. The company provides its services and products through segment. These segments include Application Performance Management, Mainframe, Uniface, Changepoint, Professional Service and Covisint Application Services. VMware, Inc. is a supplier of cloud infrastructure and virtualization. The group operates on three main and major product groups; Software-Defined Data Center, Hybrid Cloud computing and End-User Computing. The Software-Defined Data Center is a virtualization platform designed to enable the aggregation of e devices, multiple servers, storage devices and networks. The Hybrid Cloud enables clients to extend tools, skills, networking and security models across all grounds. The End-User Computing product is designed to fully secure access to applications and data from any given devices at any given locations. Its main headquarters are in Palo Alto, California in the US. The company also focuses on extending its margins through acquisition of other similar technology oriented companies. Case study on CA technologies The CA Technologies has provided its services extensively to different industries and corporations. Its services are used by banks, insurance companies, financial service providers, health care institutions, technology companies, and telecommunication providers. These different sectors use and maximize the CA resources and services to compete against other rival industries. Banks and other financial institutions and service providers are equipped with the security management applications designed by the company. This ensures safety of their clients’ information and valuables. If their data are hacked or accessed without authority and permission they may face the risk of losing their customers and will incur major losses in the long run. So as to avoid such majority of the banks and financial service providers such as insurance companies, utilize these security applications. The more advanced the security systems, the more clients and customers it attracts. For an organization to attract more clients and be able to provide extensive services, it ought to have a clear ad defined strategy. This is achieved through the use of a project portfolio management (PPM) system. This system assists companies in effectively planning and investing in the right projects. If the companies use an excellent and superior PPM system, it would have an upper hand advantage against rival and competing companies. With all the software and applications that CA technologies offer, it is easy to see why it is one of the leading technology industries in the world. References 1033 Brodkin, J. (2009, May 18). 10 Cloud Computing Companies To Watch. Retrieved March 05, 2015, from NETWORKWORLD: http://www.networkworld.com/article/2268033/virtualization/10-cloud-computing-companies-to-watch.html CA DevCenter. (n.d.). Retrieved MArch 05, 2015, from CA Technologies: http://www.ca.com/gb/devcenter.aspx CA Intellicenter. (n.d.). Retrieved March 05, 2015, from CA Technologies: http://www.ca.com/gb/intellicenter.aspx CA Opscenter. (n.d.). Retrieved March 04, 2015, from CA Technologies: http://www.ca.com/gb/opscenter.aspx CA Securecenter. (n.d.). Retrieved March 05, 2015, from CA Technologies: http://www.ca.com/gb/securecenter.aspx Rouse, M. (2007, June). Infrastructure Management (IM). Retrieved March 05, 2015, from TechTarget: http://searchcio.techtarget.com/definition/infrastructure-management Source document

Omaha Beach Invasion

Early morning hours on June 6, 1944, paratroopers from the British 1st Airborne Division silently dropped and drifted towards the Pegasus Bridge, one of the few bridges that led over the Seine towards Normandy. Moments later, they stormed the bridge with heavy casualties. The Allied invasion of Hitler's â€Å"Fortress Europe† has just begun (Dube, 2005).On those hours, lantern-equipped pathfinders dropped all over the Cotentin Peninsula. Alone and unaided, they were dropped to mark the way for the thousands of men coming in behind them.At dawn, the sea invasion began as an Allied Armada disgorged thousands of troops at five beaches along France's Normandy coast. Allied forces stormed the shores and battled the German defenses in a fight that would go down as the â€Å"Longest Day† in history.The beach’s terrain proved to be an important factor in the assault (Lewis 2000). Its crescent form is bounded at either end by rocky cliffs and its tidal area is gently slop ing. At the western end the shingle bank rested against a stone, which fades further into wood, resembles a sea wall which ranged from 4 feet to12 feet in height. Precipitous bluffs then raised high up to 170 feet, dominating the whole beach and cut into by small wooded valleys.The Germans, earlier anticipating for an attack in the beachheads, constructed three lines of obstacles in the water. This consisted of Belgian Gates with mines lashed to the uprights, logs driven into the sand pointing seaward and hedgehogs installed 130 yards from the shoreline. The area between the shingle bank and the bluffs was both wired and mined with the latter also scattered on the bluff slopes (Gerrard, Bujeiro and Zaloga, 2003).Their troops were concentrated mostly around the entrances to the draws and protected by minefields and wire (Dube, 2005). Each bunker was interconnected by trenches and tunnels. Machine guns, light artillery pieces and anti-tank guns completed the disposition of artillery t argeting the beach. No area of the beach was left uncovered, and the disposition of weapons meant that flanking fire could be brought to bear anywhere along the beach.The Allied forces’ plan of attack includes dividing the Omaha beach into ten sectors. The assault landings were to start at 06:30, which was coined as the â€Å"H-Hour†. Before that, the beach defenses will be bombarded by naval and aerial support forces. The objective was for the beach defenses to be cleared two hours after assault. By the end of the day the forces at Omaha were to have established a bridgehead five miles deep into the enemy territory. To execute this plan the Omaha assault force totaled 34,000 men and 3,300 vehicles with naval support provided by 2 battleships, 3 cruisers, 12 destroyers and 105 other ships (Vat and Eisenhower, 2003).However, during the initial attack, nothing went according to plan (Lewis, 2000). Ten of the landing crafts have gone astray before they reached the beach a nd some were flooded by the rough seas. Some had even sunk. Smoke and mist hinders the navigation of the assault crafts while a heavy current served to push them to the east. The initial bombardment proved to be ineffective. Their mark fell too far inland, thus they hardly touched the coastal defenses. When the landing craft came closer to the shore, the were under increasingly heavy fire from automatic weapons and artilleryWith the failure of the initial assault, a second one started coming ashore about two hours later. Their mission was to bring in reinforcements, support weapons and headquarter elements. Some relief against the mostly unsuppressed enemy fire was gained simply because with more troops landing the concentration of fire was spread more about the many targets available (Dube, 2005). The survivors among the initial forces were not however able to give much covering fire and the landing troops still suffered in places the same high casualty rates as those in the first wave. The failure to clear sufficient paths through the beach obstacles added to the difficulties of the second wave now that the tide was beginning to cover those obstacles. The loss of landing craft as they hit these defenses before they reached the shore began to contribute in the rate of attrition. As in the initial landings, navigation is still difficult and the disturbing miss-landings continued to upset the Allied forces.From the German’s vantage point, at Pointe de la Percee, which is overlooking the entire beach, the assault seemed to have been stopped at the beach. An officer there noted that troops were seeking cover behind obstacles and counted ten tanks burning. However, casualties among their defenders were mounting, chiefly as a result of the allied naval fire. At the same time they were also requesting reinforcement, but their request could not be met because the situation elsewhere in Normandy was becoming more urgent for the defenders (Dube, 2005).As the bat tle progresses, events of the landing were starting to influence the next phase of the battle. The draws, which would serve as the pathway from the beaches to the inner territory, remained strongly concentrated by the defenders. The allies needed to go through these draws to achieve their main target for the day. Also, the issue of leadership began becoming a problem. Miss-landings and blunders in the original plan caused disorganization, and communication between units was compromised (Lewis, 2000).Despite the apparent disadvantage of the Allied forces’ position, continual waves of landings and naval artillery support eventually weakened the German defense.By early afternoon the strong point guarding the draw at Vierville was silenced by the navy, but without enough force on the ground to mop up the remaining defenders the exit could not be opened (Dube, 2005). Traffic was eventually able to use this route by nightfall, and the surviving tanks of the tank battalion spent the night near Vierville. The advance of the initial assault teams cleared away the last remnants of the force defending the draws. When engineers cut a road up the western side of this draw, it became the main route inland off the beaches. With the congestion on the beaches thus relieved, they were re-opened for the landing of vehicles.After the inland infiltration, clashes pushed the grip out barely a mile and a half deep in the enemy area to the east, and the whole beachhead remained under artillery fire. In the evening, the Allies completed the planned landing of infantry, although but losses in equipment were high, because of bad sea conditions. Of the 2,400 tons of supplies scheduled to be landed on D-Day, only 100 tons was actually landed. Casualties were estimated at 3,000 killed, wounded and missing. The heaviest casualties were taken by the infantry tanks and engineers in the first landings. The Germans suffered 1,200 killed, wounded and missing. On the second day, the engine ers constructed the first airfield to be built after D-Day, on the cliff near St. Laurent, and this was used by the Ninth Air Force to support the ground troops as, over the next two days, they accomplished the original D-Day objectives (Lewis, 2000).The complete invasion had not been materialized yet, and the objectives of the D-Day were not achieved. Hundreds of Allied troops are still coming, fighting is ominous, and both sides are unprepared. The D-Day, the â€Å"Longest Day† has ended, but the war on Liberation has just begun.ReferencesAdrian R. Lewis 2000, Omaha Beach: A Flawed Victory, December 3, 2000Alan Dube 2005, A Navy Soldier on Omaha Beach, August 15, 2005Dan van der Vat and John S. D. Eisenhower 2003, D-Day: The Greatest Invasion – A People's History, by November 15, 2003Howard Gerrard, Ramiro Bujeiro, and Steven J. Zaloga 2003, Campaign 100: D-Day 1944 at Omaha Beach, July 23, 2003

Top Facts About the 13 Original Colonies

Top Facts About the 13 Original Colonies The British Empire settled its first permanent colony in the Americas at  Jamestown, Virginia  in 1607. This was the  first of 13 colonies in North America. The 13  Original U.S. Colonies The 13 colonies can be divided into three regions:  New England, Middle, and Southern colonies.  The chart below provides additional information including the years of settlement and founders of each. The New England Colonies The New England colonies included Connecticut, Massachusetts Bay, New Hampshire, and Rhode Island. Plymouth Colony was founded in 1620 (when the Mayflower arrived in Plymouth) but was incorporated into Massachusetts Bay in 1691. The group that left England for America in the Mayflower was called the Puritans; they believed in a strict interpretation of the writings of John Calvin, who dismissed the beliefs of both the Catholics and the Anglicans. The Mayflower first made its way to Mashpee on Cape Cod, but after a disastrous interaction with the Native people in the region, they crossed Cape Cod Bay to Plymouth. The Middle Colonies The Middle Colonies were located in the area now described as the Mid-Atlantic and included Delaware, New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania. While the New England colonies were made up largely of British Puritans, the Middle Colonies were very mixed. Settlers in these colonies included English, Swedes, Dutch, Germans, Scots-Irish and French, along with Native Americans and some enslaved (and freed) Africans. Members of these groups included Quakers, Mennonites, Lutherans, Dutch Calvinists, and Presbyterians. The Southern Colonies The first official American colony was formed in Jamestown, Virginia in 1607. In 1587, a group of 115 English settlers arrived in Virginia. They arrived safely on Roanoke Island, off the coast of North Carolina. By the middle of the year, the group realized they needed more supplies, and so they sent John White, governor of the colony, back to England. White arrived in the midst of a war between Spain and England, and his return was delayed. When he finally made it back to Roanoke, there was no trace of the colony, his wife, his daughter, or his granddaughter. Instead, all he found was the word Croatoan carved in a post. No one knew what had happened to the colony until 2015, when archaeologists discovered clues such as British-style pottery among Croatoan remains. This suggests that the people of the Roanoke colony may have become part of the Croatoan community. The first official American colony was formed in Jamestown, Virginia in 1607; by 1752, the colonies included North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, and Georgia. The Southern Colonies focused most of their efforts on cash crops including tobacco and cotton. In order to make their plantations pay, they employed enslaved Africans. Colony Name Year Founded Founded By Became Royal Colony Virginia 1607 London Company 1624 Massachusetts 1620 - Plymouth Colony1630 - Massachusetts Bay Colony Puritans 1691 New Hampshire 1623 John Mason 1679 Maryland 1634 Lord Baltimore N/A Connecticut c. 1635 Thomas Hooker N/A Rhode Island 1636 Roger Williams N/A Delaware 1638 Peter Minuit and New Sweden Company N/A North Carolina 1653 Virginians 1729 South Carolina 1663 Eight Nobles with a Royal Charter from Charles II 1729 New Jersey 1664 Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret 1702 New York 1664 Duke of York 1685 Pennsylvania 1682 William Penn N/A Georgia 1732 James Edward Oglethorpe 1752 Sources Shi, David E., and George Brown Tindall. America: A Narrative History, Brief Tenth Edition. New York: W. W. Norton, 2016.Smith, James Morton. Seventeenth-Century America: Essays in Colonial History. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2014.

Chemical Composition of Vinegar

Chemical Composition of Vinegar Vinegar is a liquid that is produced from the fermentation of ethanol into acetic acid. The fermentation is carried out by bacteria. Vinegar consists of acetic acid (CH3COOH), water and trace amounts of other chemicals, which may include flavorings. The concentration of the acetic acid is variable. Distilled vinegar contains 5-8% acetic acid. Spirit of vinegar is a stronger form of vinegar that contains 5-20% acetic acid. Flavorings may include sweeteners, such as sugar or fruit juices. Infusions of herbs, spices and other flavors may be added, too. Vinegar is made from a variety of source materials. Each contributes its own unique flavor signature to the final product. Vinegar may be made from sugar cane juice, rice and other grains, grapes (balsamic vinegar), coconut water, fruit wines, kombucha, or apple cider. Spirit vinegar is a strong variety of vinegar (5% to 21% acetic acid) made from sugar cane and doubly fermented. The first fermentation changes sugar into alcohol, while the second fermentation changes alcohol into acetic acid. Sources Bourgeois, Jacques; Barja, Franà §ois (December 2009). The history of vinegar and of its acetification systems. Archives des Sciences. 62 (2): 147–160.Cerezo, Ana B.; Tesfaye, Wendu; Torija, M. Jesà ºs; Mateo, Està ­baliz; Garcà ­a-Parrilla, M. Carmen; Troncoso, Ana M. (2008). The phenolic composition of red wine vinegar produced in barrels made from different woods. Food Chemistry. 109 (3): 606–615. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.01.013Nakayama, T. (1959). Studies on acetic acid-bacteria I. Biochemical studies on ethanol oxidation. J Biochem. 46 (9): 1217–25.

Managing Innovation in the Pharmaceutical Industry Coursework

Managing Innovation in the Pharmaceutical Industry - Coursework Example 1. A short analysis is done on the history of innovations that has been driving the pharmaceutical industry as it has been in existence in the last two to three years and not beyond that period since our consideration is on contemporary issues. 2. Following this, the paper analysis the nature of innovation that the companies have been embarking on. The impact of the innovation on the growth of the company and the kind of stress that is laid on it by the industry. The major factors that have been driving innovation in the industry in addition to the market forces. Major technological breakthroughs and the question of survival; how do they affect the work of the research establishments in the companies 3. A similar analysis is done on the challenges that are faced by companies when they steer their ship through the innovation regime. This would feature the major challenges and the issues that cloud their thoughts and their performances. Innovation is driven by a need in the market or a gap in the consumption process. This continues to be a very important top management responsibility and normally finds itself paid great attention in modern times. Companies that do not subscribe to innovation are relegated to history sooner than later. However, innovation is not without its own associated problems. Every innovation goes hand in hand with troubles of varied nature. In Pharmaceutical industry, the drugs and the cures are the ones sought after by men all through. Innovations bring in wide changes, new drugs and cures that usher in better life expectancy and life style to people. Some of them however, bring in different kinds of problems too. Dateline: May 24, 2006. Hong Kong. The South China Morning Post reported that a number of journalists were attacked by hospital and drug producing cartels for exposing the inadequacy or side-effect in a breast-enlargement treatment until finally the connected hospital was shutdown (Bruce Einhorn 24 May 2006). December 8, 2003. The European conference on the Pharma and Biotech unilaterally accepted that Europe is falling back in its pharma and biotech industry to the US and to the swiftly growing Asia (Sean Silverthorne 8 Dec 2003). The reason, they cited, was the lack of large companies and proper support in their growth and innovation. The Pharmaceutical industry and the biotech world have both been suffering major changes in their direction. This has happened because of the more wide spread education today and the knowledge among the patients or the consumers of the industry. The markets are educated and are knowledgeable about the chemicals that go into every drug and the effect of them though they may not be all that comfortable ordering such drugs all by themselves. Therefore, if there is any discomfort or after effects of using a drug, the companies are hauled up like never before. The