Management accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 4

Management accounting - Essay Example Material L10 had a favorable usage variance because the materials used were of higher quality than standard, more effective use of material or there were errors in allocating material to jobs. On the other hand, material L17 had an adverse usage variance because of using defective material, excessive waste, or stricter quality control. The labour rate recorded a favorable variance due to use of workers at a rate of pay that was lower than the standard. Labour efficiency variance was adverse because maybe there was lost time in excess of standard allowed or output was lower than standard set due to lack of training and sub-standard materials. The adverse variable overhead expenditure could have been caused by increase in cost of services or excessive use of services. Variable overhead volume variance was adverse due to the production or the level of activity, labour hours, being less than the budgeted. On the other hand, the adverse fixed overhead expenditure could be caused by the same factors that led to an adverse variable overhead expenditure. This is because of the fact that both fixed and variable overheads were being allocated using the same basis, labour hours. In addition, the production or the level of activity being less than the budgeted can explain the adverse fixed overhead capacity. ABC involves identification of elements, causing the costs of a business’s major activities (Clinton, 2004). Overheads incurred are charged to units based on their cost drivers causing the overheads. The ideas behind ABC are: Both traditional absorption costing and activity base costing systems adopt the two-stage allocation process. However, in allocation of overheads ABC establishes separate pools for support activities such as dispatching (Gunther, 2005). As costs of activities are assigned directly to products through cost driver rates, reapportionment of services department costs is

Profiling 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Profiling 4 - Essay Example Technology which causes victimization includes cyber net, cell phones, ATM machines, electronic data transfer etc. However, in the contemporary world the most intense victimization is seen over the internet. Within the last few years internet identity crime has gained enough recognition throughout the world (Gray, 2010). This is based upon an individual’s personal identity numbers, bank accounts, school information or any other security code which is unique to every person around the globe. Online criminals hack or steal this information and then they use it for causing financial, physical or moral damage to the victim. Victimization is now increasing with a stimulating rate as compared to the past. Moreover, the lack of awareness regarding internet identity crime has also facilitated it to a greater extent (Gray, 2010). People suffering from victimization are usually reluctant to contact law enforcement agencies because of embarrassment or due to the chances of further victimization by the offender. It is significantly easier for any cybercriminal to harass an individual by staying at a distance. This increases the complexity of the situation for law enforcing agencies since they fail to trace the offenders. Online criminals do not only harm individuals rather they possess the ability of destroying large corporations, for instance, by simply causing them financial loss or interrupting the bank transactions (Gray, 2010). Victims of online crime belong to a relatively narrowed group of people who are largely neglected by the judiciary system. Victimology was only recognized in the middle 20th century, before that, criminals were the major focus of the law enforcement agencies. There are primarily three factors which initiates victimization in this era of technological advancement. These include the environmental affects, characteristics of the offender and most importantly the precipitation of the victim. Environment